Quiksilver
Master Don Juan
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Anyone here from the gulf coast?
Initiatives to scrub the Gulf of oil are moving forward. One method includes spraying chemicals to break up and sink globs of oil before the slick spreads to the shorelines—but using chemicals to clean up the ocean is controversial because the environmental consequences are unknown. The sea has its own way of handling the problem, but researchers worry that the water's processes won't act fast enough to save coastal shores from damage. Of course, science informs the debate. Here's what happens on a molecular level when oil hits ocean water.
As soon as oil hits water, the ocean begins its deconstruction. In fact, the marine environment handles oil much like a human body handles alcohol: destroying, metabolizing and depositing the excessive compounds —in oil's case, hydrocarbons—then transforming the compounds into safer substances, says Stanislav Patin, chairman of the Aquatic Toxicology Committee under the Russian Academy of Sciences and international expert on marine pollution.
Here's how it breaks down.
In a 10-minute span after spilling into the sea, 300 gallons of oil can spread to a radius of 160 feet and create a slick a fourth of an inch deep. After that, how far and fast the oil spreads depends upon the water's surface tension—how much the molecules in the water are attracted to one another—and the oil's thickness.
The day after it enters the water, chemicals in the oil begin to transform, both at the water's surface and farther into the water column. Trace elements lurking in water can speed or slow the process while the sun fuels the breakdown, decomposing even the most complex of oil's components over time. The warmer the water temperature and the more sun exposure, the faster the oil breaks down.
During the first few days after a spill, between 20 to 40 percent of oil's mass turns into gases, and the slick loses most of its water-soluble hydrocarbons—what's left are the more viscous compounds that slow down the oil's spread across the water.
When components of crude oil evaporate and its lighter fractions dissolve or are chemically transformed, oil clumps form. These sticky masses are found in all types of water environments, in open and coastal waters and on beaches. They have an uneven shape and can measure tenths of inches to 4 inches in length. The oily masses serve as a base for developing bacteria and one-celled algae, while invertebrates such as crustaceans, resistant to the impact of oil, use them as shelter. These clumps can exist from months to years in enclosed seas and for years in the open ocean—eventually, they degrade.
But not all oil lives and dies at the surface. Between 10 and 30 percent of the oil is absorbed by sediments and suspended materials and deposited on the bottom of the sea. This generally occurs in coastal zones and shallow waters where water mixes readily and more particles float. Usually, oil drifts in the same direction as the wind, though storms and water turbulence can speed up the spread of the oil. This movement in turn can degrade parts of the oil into separate fragments that spread far away from the initial spill. As these fragments move further offshore and into deeper areas, sediment absorption becomes a much slower process. While sediments latch onto oil components, so do filter feeders and plankton. Planktonic organisms absorb the oil/water mix and dump it at the bottom of the ocean when they excrete other metabolites. Once at the bottom, though, the decomposition rate of the oil halts almost completely because of lack of oxygen, and heavy oil fragments can be preserved inside sediments for years.
From deep-sea sediment to bobbing clumps, oil quickly loses its original properties and breaks off into hydrocarbon components, with many different chemical compositions and existing in different forms. These forms can prove toxic to marine life, but after a time—with weathering, feasting micro-organisms and solar decomposition—the water self-purifies, as intermediate compounds gradually disappear and water and carbon dioxide reform.
To speed the process, researchers use oil dispersants, specialized chemical agents, to change the physical and chemical composition of oil. Basically, these chemicals work to mix oil and water better than normally possible so that the oil sinks deeper into the water column. Burying the oil a little deeper means that surface slicks won't float toward shorelines as readily. However, mixing these chemicals into water has long been a controversial process, as they have proved toxic to some marine organisms.
Firm’s stock sale nearly twice as large as any other institution; Represented 44 percent of total BP investment
John Byrne
Raw Story
Wednesday, June 2, 2010
The brokerage firm that’s faced the most scrutiny from regulators in the past year over the shorting of mortgage related securities seems to have had good timing when it came to something else: the stock of British oil giant BP.
According to regulatory filings, RawStory.com has found that Goldman Sachs sold 4,680,822 shares of BP in the first quarter of 2010. Goldman’s sales were the largest of any firm during that time. Goldman would have pocketed slightly more than $266 million if their holdings were sold at the average price of BP’s stock during the quarter.
If Goldman had sold these shares today, their investment would have lost 36 percent its value, or $96 million. The share sales represented 44 percent of Goldman’s holdings — meaning that Goldman’s remaining holdings have still lost tens of millions in value.
The sale and its size itself isn’t unusual for a large asset management firm. Wall Street brokerages routinely buy and sell huge blocks of shares for themselves and their clients. In light of a recent SEC lawsuit arguing that Goldman kept information about a product they sold from their clients, however, the stock sale may raise fresh concern among Goldman’s critics. Goldman is also a frequent target of liberals and journalists, including Rolling Stone’s Matt Taibbi, who famously dubbed the firm a “vampire squid.”
Two calls placed to Goldman Sachs’ media office in New York Wednesday morning after US markets opened were not immediately returned, though Raw Story decided to publish the story quickly after the calls since the stock sale had been already noted online.
Others also sold stock
Other asset management firms also sold huge blocks of BP stock in the first quarter — but their sales were a fraction of Goldman’s. Wachovia, which is owned by Wells Fargo, sold 2,667,419 shares; UBS, the Swiss bank, sold 2,125,566 shares.
Goldman Sachs sold $250 million of BP stock before spill
Wachovia and UBS also sold much larger percentages of their BP stock, at 98 percently and 97 percent respectively.
Wachova parent Wells Fargo, however, bought 2.3 million shares in the quarter, largely discounting Wachovia’s sales.
Those reported buying BP’s stock included Wellington Management, a large asset firm, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
BP is struggling to cap a massive oil leak at one of its drill sites in the Gulf of Mexico. The firm’s myriad safety violations over the years have come to light in lieu of the Gulf disaster.
BP traded on average at $56.86 in the first quarter, according to GuruFocus, a site that monitors the major trading moves of prominent investors. A list of major institutions’ sales of BP stock are available at the market research website Morningstar.
It’s certainly unknown as to why the firms sold their holdings. In its analysis of the company in mid-March, Morningstar, the market research site, gave the company an average rating of three out of a possible five stars.
“BP’s valuation carries more uncertainty than ExxonMobil’s or Shell’s because the firm is less integrated, with more of its earnings coming from the [exploration and production] business than from potentially offsetting refining operations,” the site’s analyst wrote. “Like its peers, a sustained drop in oil and gas prices can hurt upstream earnings. Lower crude-oil feedstock costs could help refining margins, but refined product pricing lags could quickly swing refining profits to losses. BP’s global business faces potential disruptions caused by political risks, particularly with its heavy exposure to Russia. Disruptions caused by environmental and operational constraints could further limit earnings potential.”
The transnational oil company, like other energy giants, was hit with lower oil and gas prices in the past year after the price of oil surged in 2008.
“BP’s fourth quarter marked another quarter of year-over-year production gains, with a 3% increase thanks to new field startups,” Morningstar’s analyst wrote in another note, after BP turned in better than expected fourth quarter results in February. “BP reported fourth-quarter replacement cost profit of $3.4 billion, up 33% from year-ago earnings of $2.6 billion, as upstream earnings growth was more than enough to offset downstream weakness. For the full year, BP’s earnings of $14 billion were 45% below year-ago earnings of $26 billion, in part because of lower oil prices earlier in the year. We’re encouraged by BP’s sequential earnings gains as new projects and cost-cutting efforts drive upstream results.”
The SEC filed a civil lawsuit against Goldman Sachs and one of its vice presidents in April, asserting that the firm had committed fraud by misrepresenting a mortgage-investment product inherently designed to fail. The company helped a hedge fund trader create a mortgage investment that gained value as mortgage borrowers defaulted en masse.
In response, Goldman said the SEC’s charges were “completely unfounded in law and fact” and averred that it would “vigorously contest them and defend the firm and its reputation.”
The firm has also faced criticism over giant bonuses paid to staff amidst the US financial crisis. Goldman reduced the sizes of its staff bonuses this year to $16.9 billion, and said it would pay its chief executive $9 million, far less than the previous year.
Goldman also announced it would create a $500 million program to help small businesses. Critics noted that the figure represented just 3% of the bonus pool.
August? They are saying it might be gushing until Christmas.Sir Psycho Sexy said:Every time I read or see it on the news im thankful I dont live on the Gulf. It will eventually affect me but at least not directly.
They are saying it may not be stopped till August. What a disaster.
Don't always be the one putting yourself out for her. Don't always be the one putting all the effort and work into the relationship. Let her, and expect her, to treat you as well as you treat her, and to improve the quality of your life.
Quote taken from The SoSuave Guide to Women and Dating, which you can read for FREE.
If you currently have too many women chasing you, calling you, harassing you, knocking on your door at 2 o'clock in the morning... then I have the simple solution for you.
Just read my free ebook 22 Rules for Massive Success With Women and do the opposite of what I recommend.
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noSlickster said:People are seriously underestimating how devastating this will be to the entire planet.
This will be the year that we officially killed our oceans.
I'm afraid of what this means for our future.
gösta berling said:
If you currently have too many women chasing you, calling you, harassing you, knocking on your door at 2 o'clock in the morning... then I have the simple solution for you.
Just read my free ebook 22 Rules for Massive Success With Women and do the opposite of what I recommend.
This will quickly drive all women away from you.
And you will be able to relax and to live your life in peace and quiet.