The rich people use real estate to depreciate their earnings and bring down their taxable income. Example, Let's say you earn 250k a year. Your fed tax bracket is 24% (approx). 250k 24% = 60,000.00. The standard deduction is 12,950, so you are down to $47050. You purchase a 2million dollar investment property and you get to depreciate the building, land is not depreciate. 2m divided by 27.5 years (depreciation) is approx. $72,727k a year. There you go. You now pay no taxes aside from FICA. The additional $25,677k "loss" is carried over to subsequent years. This is how the rich minimize or eliminate most taxes.
Others, who have massive securities (bonds/stocks/preferreds/UITs/etc) can actually "borrow" from their holdings via margin; assuming the interest rate is low enough, and their gains/dividends pay the margin off and they have legal tax free money. This is what Mark Zuckerberg, Elon Musk, Larry Page and others do. One doesn't need a few billion to do this. You can do this with a couple of million; but it may be a fruitless endeavor.
Example. One has $2,000,000 in securities. Their margin rate is 2%, in theory, they can "borrow" on margin $1,600,000 at 2% margin. Their annual maintenance on the 1.6m; assuming a person "borrowed" all of it would be $32,000 a year in margin interest. However, if they have dividends and bonds paying 4%, they are earning $64,000 a year in interest. So, they can legally "write-off" the $32,000 in interest, while borrowing $1,600,000 and still earning in dividends an additional $32,000 a year. Their personal tax liability would be only on the $32,000, not the $64,000 in earned dividends nor the $1,600,000 they used on margin. If the dividends are mutual bonds in their state, the dividends would be federal and state free.
Not accounting advice, just hypothetically how it works.